Retten til fiske i havet utenfor Finnmark

AuthorCarsten Smith
Pages4-27
4
Retten til fiske i havet utenfor
Finnmark
Carsten Smith
Abstract and title in English
e rights to marine shing outside Finnma rk in North Norway
Fishing in t he ocean outside Finnmark – particularly in t he ords and coastal
waters – has through centuries been a basis for the coastal Sami (”Sea sami”) vil-
lages and culture. ese Sami are part of the Sami people who are the indigenous
people of Norway. e resource situation in the ocean sheries has in the last
decades necessitated regulations with special permissions and quotas. is arti-
cle discusses whether the coastal Sami in Finnmark – the most Northern county
of Norway – has a right to shing based on international law and irrespe ctive
of the national regulations. e discussion deals with the report of 2008 from
the coastal sheries commission that presented dra legislation prescribing ex-
tended quota r ights for people l iving along t he coast of Fi nnmark. Moreover,
people living in the ords should have a priority rig ht for shing in thei r ord.
A main point is also whether the non-Sami inhabitants of Finnmark shall bene-
t from the ind igenous right to shing which is answered positively. e dra 
furthermore proposes establishing a county authority with special sheries po-
wers. e last part of the article is a discus sion with the Attorney General who
has criticized the use of international law in the commission report. e author
of the a rticle chaired t he commission and had the main resp onsibility for the
international law part.
Key words: Fishing rights, Sami rights, indigenous law, county authority, Attorney
General
Arctic Review o n Law and Politics, vol. 1, 1/2010 p. 4–27. ISSN 1891-6252
ret ten til fiske i havet utenfo r finnm ark
5
1. Innledning. Sjøsamenes rett til fiske
Norge er bygget på territoriet ti l to folk, nordmenn og samer. Det samiske folket
har rettigheter som ur folket i landet.
Samene var i beg ynnelsen av 1800-tallet erta llsfolket i Finnmark. En vesent-
lig del av samene var bosatt la ngs kysten, oe kalt sjøsamer. Fiske i havet utenfor
Finnmark – særlig i ordene og k ystfarvannet – har i århundrer vær t et hoved-
grunnla g for sjøsamisk boset ning og kultur. I løpet av 1800-tal let og videre inn
i 1900-ta llet ble samenes kulturelle st illing gru nnleggende svekket. Mange ele-
menter i samfunnsutvi klingen bidro til dette, men en hundreårig fornorsknings-
politikk overfor sa mene var en viktig fak tor. Den rammet sjøsa mene med særlig
tyngde. For den sjøsam iske kulturen er nå situasjonen kritisk . Det dreier seg om
å være eller ikke være.
Denne fremstil lingen vil redegjøre for sjøsa menes rett til ske i havet utenfor
Finnmark. Særlig vil jeg omtale utredningen om dette emnet som Kystskeutvalget
for Finnmark fremla i NOU 2008: 5 Retten til ske i havet utenfor Finnmark. Den
munner ut i et utk ast til L ov om retten til ske i havet utenfor Finnmark (nn-
markskeloven).
Formålet med lovutk astet er å gi samene et reelt grunnlag for å videreføre sin
sjøsamiske kultur. Et vesentlig punkt er også i hvilken grad den øvrige befolkning
i Finnmark skal ny te godt av sjøsamenes rett til ske.
Utredningen skiller mellom retten til ske og forvaltningen av skeressursene.
Fiskeressursene i havet er begrenset. Det samlede norske fangstvolum blir fast-
satt ut fra biologiske hensyn og ved internasjonal fordeling. En rett til ske i havet
utenfor Finnmark k an bare gjennomføres innenfor dette fangstvolum. Al l drøf-
telse må bygge på denne forutsetning.
Norsk skerinæring er regulert ved lov og forskri er med sikte på fordelingen
av skeressursene. Når det innenfor skerinæringen og skerireg uleringen tales
om en “rett til ske”, er det omfanget av fa rtøykvoter og tillatelser man oest ta r
sikte på.
Men det er ikke denne begrensete betydning av uttrykket “rett til ske” som
Kystskeutvalget – og denne fremstilli ngen – legger til grunn. Utva lgets oppgave
var først og f remst å utrede om det er en “rett ti l ske” uavhengig av myndighe-
tenes skeriregulering. Ma ndatet peker mot muligheten av en rett til ske bygget
på historisk og folkerettslig grunnlag. I den grad en slik rett til ske foreligger

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